Stay Safe, Not Scared
India’s healthcare system, bolstered by lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic, is well-equipped to handle HMPV. Its detection signals improved disease monitoring rather than an emerging crisis.
By Dr K. Madan Gopal and Prof Dr Suneela Garg
Recent reports of a few Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) cases in India have sparked public anxiety. Social media platforms have been flooded with posts, ranging from speculative to alarmist, while television coverage has further amplified concerns. To allay public fears, the Union Minister of Health and Family Welfare (HFM), Government of India, convened a press briefing, assuring citizens that the situation is under control.
Officials clarified that the small number of identified cases received medical attention, and none have reported severe complications. India’s existing disease surveillance and response infrastructure—significantly bolstered during the COVID-19 pandemic—has been actively monitoring the situation. Statements from the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) and the National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) emphasised the need for awareness over panic.
Medical experts interviewed in the media have pointed out that HMPV is not a novel virus. It has been circulating globally for years, causing mild to moderate respiratory infections in most cases. They argue that the detection of a few cases is indicative of improved disease surveillance rather than a looming public health crisis.
Understanding Human Metapneumovirus
Discovered in 2001 by Dutch scientists, Human Metapneumovirus belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family, which also includes viruses responsible for measles, mumps, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). While the virus was formally identified only two decades ago, researchers believe it has been circulating for far longer.
Transmission and Symptoms
Mode of Transmission: HMPV spreads primarily through respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing by infected individuals. Direct contact with contaminated surfaces can also lead to infection.
Symptoms: Common symptoms include runny nose, cough, fever, and occasionally wheezing. While healthy individuals typically recover without complications, very young children, elderly individuals, and those with compromised immune systems may experience severe illness.
Prevalence: Studies estimate that HMPV is responsible for 5–10 per cent of respiratory infections in children globally.
Though headlines about viruses can cause alarm, it’s crucial to note that HMPV is not as virulent as many emerging pathogens. Healthcare professionals have successfully managed cases for years using supportive care, as there is no specific antiviral treatment for the virus.
Seasonal Patterns and Global Presence
Human Metapneumovirus is widespread and has been documented in nearly every part of the world. In temperate regions, infections peak during late winter or early spring, often coinciding with the circulation of other respiratory viruses such as influenza and RSV. However, in tropical and subtropical regions, including parts of India, seasonal patterns vary based on local climatic factors like temperature and rainfall.
Routine respiratory virus testing panels in healthcare systems worldwide frequently detect HMPV. Outbreaks often occur in settings where close contact facilitates transmission, such as daycare centres, schools, and nursing homes.
The Indian Context: Enhanced Vigilance Post-COVID-19
The recent detection of HMPV cases in India likely reflects improved diagnostic capabilities rather than an actual surge in infections. Over the past few years, India has significantly expanded its surveillance for respiratory illnesses.
The ICMR and NCDC oversee extensive virology lab networks capable of testing for a range of respiratory pathogens, including influenza, SARS-CoV-2, RSV, and HMPV. When clusters of respiratory illnesses appear unusual, they are swiftly investigated.
Hospitals and healthcare facilities across the country have been directed to test individuals presenting with persistent or severe respiratory symptoms. In the event of a surge in cases, authorities initiate a coordinated response, including contact tracing and isolation protocols when necessary. Rapid response teams are also deployed to contain outbreaks and ensure timely intervention, even in small clusters.
A Call for Awareness, Not Alarm
The detection of HMPV in India is a testament to the country’s improved surveillance systems rather than a cause for alarm. The small number of reported cases highlights the effectiveness of India’s health infrastructure in identifying and monitoring respiratory pathogens.
While the virus may be unsettling to hear about, especially given the lingering memories of COVID-19, it is important to rely on credible information and medical guidance. Awareness, preparedness, and collective responsibility are the keys to staying safe—without succumbing to unnecessary fear.
Clear Communication and Preparedness: A Pillar of Public Trust
The government’s proactive communication about HMPV has been instrumental in maintaining public transparency and trust. Advisories issued by the ICMR and the NCDC guide healthcare providers on identifying, testing, and managing HMPV cases. Such measures ensure early intervention, minimising the risk of large-scale outbreaks.
Globally, the World Health Organization (WHO) monitors respiratory viruses with the potential to cause significant public health impacts. While HMPV does not pose a threat comparable to SARS-CoV-2 or highly virulent influenza strains, the WHO underscores the importance of routine surveillance. This includes testing for multiple respiratory pathogens, particularly when clusters of cases are detected.
The WHO’s approach encourages preparedness without inducing panic. Through regular monitoring, nations can identify trends, detect mutations, and respond swiftly to any changes in the virus’s behaviour—whether it spreads more aggressively or causes severe disease.
Lessons from the Pandemic: Prevention in Practice
Drawing from the COVID-19 pandemic, we possess the tools and knowledge to safeguard ourselves and our communities against respiratory infections like HMPV. Many effective measures are straightforward and can be seamlessly integrated into daily routines:
Hand Hygiene: Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water for at least 20 seconds. When unavailable, use alcohol-based sanitisers.
Respiratory Etiquette: Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your elbow when coughing or sneezing. Dispose of tissues responsibly.
Mask Usage: Wearing a mask in crowded spaces or when symptomatic helps prevent transmission.
Avoid Close Contact: Maintain distance from individuals displaying symptoms of respiratory infections and encourage them to seek medical advice.
Disinfect Surfaces: Regularly clean high-touch surfaces such as doorknobs, smartphones, and workspaces.
Stay Home if Unwell: If experiencing symptoms, rest at home and avoid public places to reduce the risk of spreading infection.
Seek Medical Advice: Prompt consultation with a healthcare provider is essential if symptoms worsen or persist.
Looking Ahead: Vigilance Without Fear
Although HMPV may seem unfamiliar to the general public, its presence has been documented for decades. The virus’s detection in India is a reflection of the efficiency and robustness of the country’s disease surveillance systems rather than an indication of a public health emergency.
There is no immediate cause for alarm. Instead, the emphasis remains on maintaining awareness and adopting preventive measures.
The lessons of COVID-19 have underscored the importance of consistent hygiene practices, responsible behaviour, and reliance on credible information. Simple but powerful actions—such as regular handwashing, mask-wearing when appropriate, and adhering to respiratory etiquette—remain effective defences against a range of respiratory pathogens, including HMPV.
Public vigilance and collective responsibility are vital in minimising the impact of HMPV and other respiratory infections. By staying informed, refraining from spreading rumours, and adhering to preventive healthcare principles, we can protect ourselves and our communities. The knowledge and habits cultivated during the pandemic serve as a lasting shield, enabling us to face current and future challenges with resilience and confidence.
(The authors are Health Expert, National Health Systems Resource Centre, and Chair of the Program Advisory Committee, National Institute of Health and Family Welfare, MOHFW GOI.)